Technocracy, surveillance, and the democratic deficit: An analysis of public-private partnerships in the Rio de Janeiro scenario

Abstract

Objective: This article examines how Public Private Partnerships implemented in Rio de Janeiro have intensified technocratic governance, expanded surveillance mechanisms and deepened the democratic deficit. It investigates how technological solutions presented as tools for modernization and efficiency have contributed to decision making opacity, social exclusion and the concentration of power between the State and private actors, particularly in ticketing systems, video surveillance programs and algorithmic governance structures.

Method: A qualitative approach was adopted, based on documentary analysis, bibliographical review and the study of emblematic cases. The research examined events such as the expansion of the CIVITAS surveillance system, the digital collapse following the 2022 cyberattack, controversies surrounding the Jaé ticketing system, selective enforcement schemes and the effects of intelligent monitoring on citizens’ daily lives. The analysis was guided by theoretical frameworks on technocracy, algorithmic governance and democratic erosion.

Findings: The study shows that technological PPPs have reinforced power asymmetries, weakened social oversight and expanded opaque surveillance practices. Decision making processes are often conducted without transparency, with symbolic public consultations and the absence of effective accountability mechanisms. The technological systems analyzed generate digital exclusion, arbitrary cancellation of essential services, user insecurity and a significant dilution of political and legal responsibilities.

Conclusions: The article concludes that technocratic governance embedded in PPPs in Rio de Janeiro has intensified the democratic deficit and undermined citizenship. Technology, instead of fostering inclusion and efficiency, has been used as an instrument of control and legitimization of decisions that disregard public participation and fundamental rights. The study highlights the urgent need to institutionalize mechanisms of transparency, accountability and civic participation that reposition technology as a tool for democratic strengthening and social justice.